Pierre De Fermat Essays (890 words) - Integer Sequences,

Pierre De Fermat Pierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat was born in the year 1601 in Beaumont-de-Lomages, France. Mr. Fermat's education began in 1631. He was home schooled. Mr. Fermat was a single man through his life. Pierre de Fermat, like many mathematicians of the early 17th century, found solutions to the four major problems that created a form of math called calculus. Before Sir Isaac Newton was even born, Fermat found a method for finding the tangent to a curve. He tried different ways in math to improve the system. This was his occupation. Mr. Fermat was a good scholar, and amused himself by restoring the work of Apollonius on plane loci. Mr. Fermat published only a few papers in his lifetime and gave no systematic exposition of his methods. He had a habit of scribbling notes in the margins of books or in letters rather than publishing them. He was modest because he thought if he published his theorems the people would not believe them. He did not seem to have the intention to publish his papers. It is probable that he revised his notes as the occasion required. His published works represent the final form of his research, and therefore cannot be dated earlier than 1660. Mr. Pierre de Fermat discovered many things in his lifetime. Some things that he did include: -If p is a prime and a is a prime to p then ap-1-1 is divisible by p, that is, ap-1-1=0 (mod p). The proof of this, first given by Euler, was known quite well. A more general theorem is that a0-(n)-1=0 (mod n), where a is prime to n and p(n) is the number of integers less than n and prime to it. -An odd prime number can be expressed as the difference of two square integers in only one way. Fermat's proof is as follows. Let n be prime, and suppose it is equal to x2 -y2 that is, to (x+y)(x-y). Now, by hypothesis, the only basic, integral factors of n and n and unity, hence x+y=n and x-y=1. Solving these equations we get x=1 /2 (n+1) and y=1 /2(n-1). -He gave a proof of the statement made by Diophantus that the sum of the squares of two numbers cannot be the form of 4n-1. He added a corollary which I take to mean that it is impossible that the product of a square and a prime form 4n-1[even if multiplied by a number that is prime to the latter], can be either a square or the sum of two squares. For example, 44 is a multiple of 11(which is of the form 4 x 3 - 1) by 4, therefore it cannot be expressed as the sum of two squares. He also stated that a number of the form a2 +b2, where a is prime b, cannot be divided by a prime of the form 4n-1. -Every prime of the form 4n+1 is accurate as the sum of two squares. This problem was first solved by Euler, who showed that a number of the form 2(4n+1) can be always showen as the sum of two squares, of course it was Mr. Pierre de Fermat. -If a, b, c, are integers, a2 + b2= c2, then ab cannot be a square. Lagrange solved this. - The determination of a number x such that x2n+1 may be squared, where n is a given integer which is not squared. Lagrange gave a solution of this also. -There is only one integral solution of the equation x2 +4=y3. The required solutions are clearly for the first equation x=5, and for the second equation x=2and x=11. This question was issued as a challenge to the English mathematicians Wallis and Digby. -No basic values of x, y, z can be found to satisfy the equation xn+yn=zn; if n is an integer greater than 2. This thesis has achieved extraordinary celebrity from the fact that no general demonstration of it has been given, but there is no reason to doubt that this true. -Fermat also discovered the general theorem that was on the guess that a number can be found into the product of powers of primes in only one way. These were some interesting things that Mr. Fermat did in

Why You Shouldnt be Too Nice at Work

Why You Shouldnt be Too Nice at Work It always pays to be a nice person. Almost always. Some people who are genuinely (or un-genuinely) â€Å"too nice† are less likely to be taken seriously, and less likely to stand up for themselves or others- even in cases where such action would be just. Perhaps you’ve also heard the phrase â€Å"nice guys finish last.† While that’s not necessarily true, there are certain situations in which you should curb the niceties and just concentrate on effective communication. Here are a few reason to keep in mind.1. Give, Give, Give, and Never GetIf you consistently give more than you’re asked, and take very little in return, rather than be lauded for your generosity, people will start to get accustomed to this being the pattern. You’ll get none of the thanks and you may even come to resent the imbalance.2. Quid Pro QuoIf you up your niceness level too much, you might find yourself expecting a similar level of niceness out of everyone around you. Whe n this fails to materialize, you might grow a little peeved.3. You’ll Be Like an ATMPeople will start coming to you only when they need something, which can be extremely alienating. You’ll feel like a doormat- like you’ve become a tool to help others succeed, while achieving very little for yourself. You may even attract needy people, like a magnet.4. You’ll Project WeaknessYou might be perceived as weak, particularly if you never say no to anyone. If you’re always doing favors and putting others first, people will not only come to take advantage of you, they will also just assume you have no control over what you will and won’t agree to. They might come to mistrust you for this.5. You Won’t Take Care of YourselfSometimes it’s important to say â€Å"no† to others so you can say â€Å"yes† to yourself. Remember self care? Yeah, that’s not just something you make sure others do to reach their ideal fulfillmen t. No one can make sure you’re taken care of but you. And if you aren’t getting your own needs met, you might become needy in return with your friends or family.6. You’ll Seem InauthenticIf you just automatically are generous and nice and kind, then it might not seem like true generosity, niceness, or kindness. Make sure that when you’re being super nice or going above and beyond that you really mean it. Be friendly when it’s deserved. Pick up slack when it’s equitable to do so, not just an expectation.7. You Won’t ContributeConstructive criticism is extremely important, between  both friends and colleagues. If you’re so nice that you’re reluctant to give anything but praise, then chances are you’re letting people down. Focus more on helping the team succeed, rather than on being well-liked- and too nice to give honest feedback.

Of Thinking Globally and Acting Locally Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of Thinking Globally and Acting Locally - Essay Example Thus, business organizations like Coca-Cola (Coca-Cola) Company take on the challenge of "thinking globally but acting locally." Coca-Cola is currently one of the most recognizable and widely sold commercial brands in the global arena. The company capitalizes on its extensive distribution network comprised of 9 million retailers in more than 200 countries (Klebnikov 2003). Amidst its being a global brand, what is apparent is the company's innate desire of satisfying each locale according to their needs. This aim of Coca-Cola can be seen its products and promotion strategies. Coke, the flagship brand of the company is marketed worldwide. It should be noted that this product has been warmly accepted by the global market because of its universal taste. Coke has a "universal taste" which discounts the differences in nationality, culture, and traditions. However, the company recognizes that the product portfolio offered in each foreign market should be differentiated as not all product appeal to all consumers. Thus, Coca-Cola strives to develop a product portfolio which is unique for each market. Quoting the company's annual report: "Consumer demand can vary from one locale to another and can change over time within a single locale.

Assignment on Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment on Macroeconomics - Essay Example Financing deficit by borrowing in the futures through bonds with a premium interest is not a good prescription to finance additional expenditures. Running a budget deficit places upward pressure on interest rates (Arestis & Sawyer, 2010, pg.328) When a government has to raise money, which in this case is to finance Social Security, Medicare or other programs for the elderly, one of the tools it can use to sell bonds or promissory notes which the buyer or investor can cash in at a maturity date which the government guarantees. Raising money for such laudable programs is not a problem, only the method it is being raised in this case because it has a contagion or ripple effect in the other sectors of the economy. We all know that business needs capital either to start or to expand. Business is essential in a given economy as it does not only pays taxes for the government to spend on its programs but it also provides jobs which in turn yields more taxes to the government through the inco me tax of the employees. Also, it produces goods and services which other entities may utilize to create value and in the process also yields tax to the government. Suffice to say, business is important in the over-all health of any given economy. Business also incurs costs; either for its operation or the overhead of maintaining itself to be a going concern as a business. One of the expenses it has to pay is interest expense or the cost of money. It is necessary for business needs additional capital for it to expand and respond to competition, changing technology or to simply adapt with the times to remain competitive. So when interest rates are jacked up to invite investors to avail the bonds for the government to finance the spending on Social Security, Medicare, and other similar programs, it inadvertently harms other components of the economy such as business. Plainly, what the government is doing in this case is to make the cost of money more expensive so that there will be mo re buyer of its promissory notes or bonds. When cost of money becomes high, it will precipitate a vicious cycle in the economy. If we may recall the recent crisis both in Asia July of 1997 and United States in 2009, interest rates became so high that nobody can afford to loan it or banks were just hesitant to lend money due to the high prevailing interest rates thinking that they will not be repaid or that borrowers will default on it. So when interest rates or cost of money is high, business will freeze their expansion programs or whatever projects they have on the table. This will result in the freeze hiring of additional workers, business becoming less competitive resulting in the over-all contraction of the economy. So while there will be money that will be raised for financing the government social programs such as Social Security, Medicare, etch, it will eventually back fire in the future. Not only that the economy will contract, but there will also be lesser jobs available. B usiness will implement cost-saving measures and this will precipitate a recession as business are interconnected, one supplies the other or dependent with the other. When there are lesser jobs available or when companies are refusing to give its employee a salary raise, there will be less money available in the pockets of the consumer. When there is less money in the pockets of the consumer, they will tend to spend less. When there is less spending in the economy, there will be less incentive for the industry to produce. For one man’s spending is another man’

Experiential Exercise Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experiential Exercise - Case Study Example This happened due to several reasons. The most important reason behind this was the switch of female employees to other organizations. When Metropolitan Hospital founded Task Force on Retention and Advancement of Female Executive Positions, it identified three main causes for leaving by female workers: Answer: Duncan Green (2014) has highlighted many benefits of addressing the underlying problems of organizational diversity issues. The changes addressed the underlying problems in a very effective and professional way. Among the three main causes for leaving of Metropolitan Hospital by female workers, the first two were so much important for Metropolitan Hospital and these problems were directly linked with the operations of Metropolitan Hospital. So they ran a retooling program to address these top two concerns. They provided proper guidance, attention and growth prospects to both males and females. In addition to addressing the first two problems, Metropolitan Hospital also tried to solve the third problem that was more linked with the personal lives of the women rather than the professional lives. Metropolitan Hospital offered flexible work time, reduced workloads, and flexible work arrangements to address the family issues and engagements of women. All these restructuring of di versity program delivered good results after some time. Answer: There are certain attributes and functions that are required by managers to successfully implement a diversity program. Department of the Interior Diversity and Inclusion Strategic Plan (2012) highlights the following priorities and actions required by managers to successfully implement a diversity program: Mangers should run a competitive recruitment process comprising on qualified and experienced group of potential candidates. This principle is important to get high performing workforce drawn from all segments of society Cultivate the seed of an organizational culture in which

Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay

Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay Before elaborating the relativity of Tourism and Environment, it is necessary to understand both terms individually. Relativity is to distinguish contrast and characterise between two different values for understanding their dependability upon each other. Tourism: Tourism is now a phenomenon, not just a simple holiday activity. It also has to be considered that tourism and tourist are two different characteristics. Approaches differentiate accordingly and it can be defined according to both understandings: It [tourism] is a human activity which encompasses human behaviour, use of resources, and interaction with other people, economies and environments. Bull, 1991:1 cited in Holden, A. (2008). From mentioned definition tourism is mainly focused on natural or social aspects, where author has examined tourism on the basis of environmental characteristics. Another understanding could be from the perspective of a visitor or tourist, again I would like to mention a definition from Holdens writing; where he used another authors definition to differentiate from the previous point of view. Tourism as: an attitude to the world or a way of seeing the world, not necessarily what we find only at the end of a long and arduous journey Franklin, 2003:33 cited in Holden, A. (2008). This definition is from the perspective of a tourist as a single entity and more individualistic. Here personal experience is more valuable for a consumer. Tourism is not a very old study for world but travel defiantly is. Tourism is more of gaining an exceptional experience than a regular living, while travel can consists of various reasons behind it. But according to Hunter and Green (1995, pp: 1) There is no universally accepted definition of tourism. This is not surprising, since what constitutes a tourist and the tourism industry are still matters of debate. Environment: In terms of tourism, Environment is always understood as a nature or atmosphere of a destination or a place which is used for tourism. Nature consists of mountains, water resources such as sea side, sea, rivers, waterfalls etc. Green environment includes plants, forests, parks, rainforests, safaris etc. when elaborated to wilderness it consists wild life, animals, forest species and so on. Socially; heritage sites or cultural uniqueness is also a part of an environment. In environmental studies it has commonly been assumed that there exists a fundamental connection between a societys management of natural resources and its perception of nature. Brunn and Kalland (1995:1) cited in Holden, A. (2008). Environmental studies and explanations are vast and distributions of its characteristics are crucial. If we look at it from a different perspective it seems environment consists of whole world (living or non living beings) including humans, animals, plants and resources. From evolution humans are using environmental resources. When observed this use or loss, it is categorised as Environmental study. Resistance and Resilience are two distinctions in this study, where Resistance is tolerance of the site (while getting used and still being undisturbed) and Resilience is the ability to recover from the happened loss or change. Some sites have either qualities or some not. Hence due to its characteristics, Hunter and Green (1995) stated that environment can be subdivided into three components as the physical environment or a biotic environment which includes solar energy, soil, water and climate. Tourism and Environment are interdependent: Tourism is based on the environment; Tourism has and will always devour the natural resources. Tourism is the main factor carrying out the natural environment in both positive and negative aspect. Even simplest form of tourism like visiting a zoo consumes environmental resources such as animals, birds or plants. Such a kind simple form of tourism also renders constructive as well as unconstructive effects. The negative effect cases might be the capturing animals from their natural habitat and keeping them in a zoo, whereas positive aspect can be that by capturing the animals they are getting protected against hunters and other environmental conditions that can be critical to them. In various other smaller or greater impressions tourism has both negative and positive effects, but more important is to understand the actual destruction or refurbishments causing from tourism towards environment. It is understandable that human involvement with environment tend to use the resources, if it cant help to make them grow at least they can be saved from future damages by use of intelligent human behaviour. Study of tourism environment is about understanding the cause and effect rule and to imply theories to protect the environmental loss due to mass tourism. It is also significant that Tourism should place along with the higher quality of environment and environment shall get benefit from it not the damage. No doubt every human action has its own pros and cons and fragility of nature resources must not be seriously harm by it. Tourism is without a doubt among the worlds highest profitable industries (whether on the cost of environment) and relationship between tourism and environment can get equilibrate if financial profits gets used for the conservation programs or environmental sustainability. Impacts of Tourism on environment: All activities consume resources and produce waste, possibly all these activities has a potential to spoil the environment, and in same context Tourism is no exception. Tourism has developed as a largest industry and any activity happens at a mass level definitely leaves its positive and negative impacts, such as tourism did in the past. Although not the case that every environmental problem is produced by tourism but still being a mass industry it affects on a wider platform. Negative Impacts: The harmful impact of tourism can destroy the natural environment when the negative impacts on the environment are sufficiently intensive and extensive. Such as damaging biodiversity of particular areas which includes holiday retreats, clearing of vegetation for constructing resorts and hotels or other tourism facilities, and also many rare species have been brought to the verge of disappearance due to non-tourism nuisance which are directly related to tourism. Habitat devastation brought by unrestrained and ill planned tourism is the prime cause of extinction of species which eventually destroy the natural balance, but destruction of biodiversity can have far reaching effects than this. Another negative impact is the depletion of natural resources like water, land and resources like food, energy or raw materials etc. which are already in short supply. Degradation of land resources like wood or plantations is another example of the negative impacts of tourism on the natural environme nt. Solid waste littering is more common in the case of trekking, rock climbing or hiking tourists. Tourism also pollutes the tourism sites with noise and air pollutions, problems are more compounded in countries or regions which lack or does not have the ability to effectively treat such forms of pollutants generated from tourism activities. Tourism development is more or less responsible for most of the harmful impacts that tourism has on the natural environment. The cutting down of forested areas, changing the landscape etc all have negative impacts on the ecological balance of the tourism destination, whereas levels of impact may vary from site to site, but the negative impacts of tourism on the environment cannot be ignored. The negative impacts are intensely visible in ecologically fragile environments. Whether from generating a new site or a heritage site used for different prospective, somehow environment is getting a hard time by this. By pollution, numbers of persons using limited resources, behaviour of tourists while on holidays and so on are some of the causes which directly or indirectly affects environment. It may include both physical and cultural aspects. Unless managing at all level it is difficult to provide specific consideration to each resource and this is how this becomes a negative aspect towards tourism, environment has to pay such cost by loss to the natural settings to beaches, coral reefs or heritage sites. Effluence caused by tourism main concerns faced by tourism trade today. The sewage waste from tourist resorts are drained into the rivers causing pollution in the river water and eventually to sea bed, it highly affects the marine life. Extreme use of natural resource that is fossil fuel to generate energy for tourist activity, the activities of overfishing, unnecessary use of ground water resources, are only few of problems which are created by tourism industry which in turn causes the reduction of the resource. As tourism grows, it also give hands to increased littering, various forms of pollution e.g. noise, water, air. Sewage and waste got increased sometimes to uncontrollable levels. Alongside need for transportation gets high and number of vehicles produces numerous gases and noise in air. In areas where resources are limited, tourism develops a sense of competition, leading to all sorts of degradation. Such harmful impacts are majorly brought by poor management or lack of proper conservation mechanism in place. Positive impacts: However with all these harmful effects, the environment is also gaining the optimistic outcome of tourism. Tourism is moving towards a sustainable side by helping and preserving the natural resources for the future generation. Various nations and its conservative organisations are implementing strict plans for conserving their flora and fauna and protecting their natural resources. We should not only see at the dark side of the moon if tourism has its costs, its pays back as well, as tourism grows it definitely encourage several other industries to rise side by side. Whenever a destination is selected to develop as a tourism destination government and planning sources put efforts for the regeneration of the place. It consists of revitalisation of an area or a site and beautifies the local environment. Thus this process brings new colours to the site. Any vital site when comes under tourism perspective, its natural resources gets special attention from the managing bodies, where as educated tourism developers knows the value of a natural resource and keeping this in mind they prevent any misuse or damage to it. According to Swarbrooke (1999) the term sustainable tourism can be defined as the approach towards tourism in which more focus is shown in preservation of the natural resources in a way that they can be consumed by the present generation and can be preserved for the future generation as well. Tourism can therefore no longer be seen as a harmful factor to environment. Economically, many areas in the world have benefitted from tourism and conservations are taking place on a higher level in many countries. There is an urgent need to understand the relationships between tourists, tourism and the environment. Many new forms of tourist consumption revolve around environmental quality and the respect for nature. One more reason for the negative picture of tourism might be that it is difficult to disentangle the impact of tourism from other forms of economic activity in certain destination areas. Shaw g., Williams A.M. (2002) Numerous examples and case studies are available where tourism has proven a saviour to drowning economies, along with economical benefits; it is helpful in urbanisation of dead towns. Due to tourism many businesses develop and people get employed, on a social level tourism keeps all communities together and connected. Any tourists social involvement and habits are controlled by the behaviour in which s/he is coming from and an insight can be developed in order to gain positive response from tourists. Appropriate educational information system towards environment is rising as very useful tool. How tourism can enhance environmental conservation- If tourism destroys the environment with negative impacts, it also plays a very big role in the preservation of the natural environment of the destination areas. As tourism industry benefits from the tourism sites, it should be its morally responsible to take a pivotal role in the conservation of the natural setting from which it gets benefits. An appropriate and well managed tourism approach can reduce the pessimistic impact of tourism on the natural environment. Appropriate use of earned revenue- Though the profits earned from the tourism conduct is the major contribution of the tourism trade to the efforts of preservation of the environment, educating the tourist is also an essential aspect in the effort of conservation of the natural environment. The revenue earned from various tourist activities brings in the wealth which enables organisations to focus on the conservational efforts. Without the money, conservation process is nothing. Though, concern must be taken to see that the managers of such destinations or sites are not tempted to enlarge the visitation upper limit as the money starts to flow, thinking that the money thus earned from tourist activities like entry fees will be enough to address the very issues caused by the increased visitation. If this persuasion is not overlooked, than the natural environment will suffer more thereby negating the effective use of money from tourism for the conservation of the environment. The conser vationists who have the expertise and authority should make an effort to take control and focus on the maintenance of the environment. Developing eco-tourism- Another most important method is to bring a change from the basic idea of mainstream conventional tourism. This can be achieved by propagating the initiative of sustainable tourism and eco-tourism which are far more environmental friendly and aims at nourishing both the external and the internal environment of the destination. Adopting the idea of such forms of tourism plays a significant role in the conservation of the natural environment. Fundamental principles of these forms are inclined towards reducing the ill effects of tourism on the environment without compromising the value of experience that the visitors can get from visiting the sites. In further part of this essay I have mentioned and elaborated how this alternate tourism is developing these days. Sound planning- Sound environmental management of tourism amenities like resorts and hotels can enhance the benefits to natural areas; requirement is careful planning of tourism development which is based on the environmental resources existing in the destination area. For example clearing of vast areas of vegetation or forest to build resorts, holiday retreats, etc and changing of the landscape to appear more appealing to the tourist. While doing this, the natural environment or to be precise the biodiversity or the ecology of the area is being affected. So care should be taken to see that tourism development causes least impact on the environment. This again can be done by creating eco friendly resorts or buildings which will have the least impact on the surroundings. Tourism also has the potential of raising awareness of the environmental problems among the people by bringing them into close contact with the surroundings. Tourism cannot be sustainable if the surroundings or the en vironment of the destination is not sustainable in itself. Developing awareness among tourists- Conservationists should offer means by which people using the particular destination, both locals and tourists can be made aware of the importance of maintaining the environment. In fact they can encourage the people to contribute towards maintaining the environmental balance. Conscious effort to transform and develop the destination should be the aim of the environmentalists and the development projects, keeping in mind the positive possibility as well as the downfall of the environment with extreme tourism. A way in which tourism can contribute to the conservation process is by having an appropriate mechanism for the dealing with pollution and sewages generated from tourism activities. Various means can be used to minimise the impact of tourism on the environment. Appropriate interpretation can remove negative facts of the site and educate and inform the tourist on the diverse aspects related to the environment. This can lead to the visitors gre ater understanding of the environment and thus act in a more responsible manner and hence minimise the impact caused by them. Implementation of visitation limits, proper rules regulations and mentioning the environmental issues caused by tourism at its early stage can imply a big difference in the conservation of the natural environment. Helping wildlife preservations- Tourism also plays a vital role in the preservation and protection of various species of endangered species which is a vital part of the natural environment. Nature loving tourists visit wildlife reserves and in doing so contribute to the conservation process. Tourism can play major role in the conservation process in various other ways. The tourism industry can also organise campaigns to raise awareness of the environmental issues affecting nature or wildlife and in doing so can also built up a good image which has been often criticised in the last few decades for the negative impacts it has caused to the wildlife destinations. Alternate tourism is developing- A new breed of tourists is developing called eco-tourists and sustainability came in light in 80s due to previously happened mass destruction in environmental resources. Sustainable Development concept came in attention from 1980s and in March 1980, World Conservation Strategy (WCS) was prepared. IUCN, UNEP, WWF, FFO and UNESCO joined hands for worlds living resources. WCS was a conservation strategy where ecosystem degradation-destruction, deforestation, desertification, pollution, soil erosion and genetic diversity and extinction of species and many related issues were in discussion. The relationship between economic development and the conservation and sustenance of natural resources is concept of sustainable development. Though these thoughts were already in air from many years at that time but WCS discussed many drastic changes happening to environment and WCS was proven as a bridge between prior thoughts and later actions. Another major outcome was establishment of WCED (World commission on environment and development) in 1983, Gro Harlem Brundtland (PM Norway) was appointed chairperson for this commission and in 1987 he publicised a report known as Brundtland Report (Our Common Future) in which Sustainability were originally popularised- Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (According to WCED 1987:43) cited in Hall, C.M. and Lew, A.A. 1998 Certainly sustainability consists of strategy making, preservation of ecological processes, protection of heritage and biodiversity, futuristic focused productivity and balance between social behaviour and environment. Along with the global acceptance of International tourism, sustainability also got recognised as a key element towards long term beneficial policies along with saving limited resources. Destination areas have developed to accommodate all these travellers, and receiving them and catering their needs has also become part of a daily routine. Development is a highly contested concept and since the Second World War debates over what it is, and how to achieve it, has gone through a number of phases. International tourism has been a global phenomenon from centuries, but that packaging of tourism for mass consumption dates back to the mid-19th century, when a specific service sector devoted to the mass consumption of travel emerged, roughly parallel to the development of mass production in the industrial sector. Harrison, D. (ed.) (2001) As people are not tends to be flexible when it comes to implementing rules and regulation, especially when visitors are on holidays, Author B Wheeller describes in his words. And what sort of touristic approach is needed is Tourism at one with nature; non-consumption, non-exploitative, avoiding degradation and destruction of the environment, but rather tourism in harmony, in balance with nature Wheeller, B. (1994) Conclusion Based upon the statements and codes-of-conduct developed by tourism stakeholders, that the environment has been placed on the outline as a major concern of how tourism is to be developed potentially. Thus all these negative and positive effects of tourism on the environment, brings us to a conclusion that tourism can be treated in negative as well as positive aspect in regards to the environment. The negative impacts can be reduced by taking initiative towards conserving natural resources. There are various tools that can be used to protect the environment like collecting income in the form of taxes. All these examples however show us a positive picture about how the tourism industry and the environment are co-dependent to each other for their mutual existence. Though there are many negative aspects to tourism, we can still say that tourism has the tools to protect, preserve and enhance natural resources and the environment. Therefore Tourism and natural environment can both co-exist and be mutually beneficial to each other if the tourism industry has the willingness to pull in full support to the conservation efforts of the natural environment. In doing so, it can help maintain the environment and also recover from the negative image that it has built up for itself during the last few decades. Proper and efficient planning and management accompanied by strict implantation, strict rules and regulations, proper interpretation, propagating the idea of sustainable consumption, well planned eco tourism and sustainable tourism and educating the tourist and making them aware of the impacts of their actions which may have negative impacts on the environment are some of the few ways in which tourism sector can contribute in the conservation process of the natural environment. There cannot be a limit to the extent tourism can contribute to the process and there cannot be an end to its contribution towards environ mental conservation because as long as tourism exists, the negative impacts of tourist will be evident on the natural environment. There is no doubt accepting the fact that tourism brings in money. But even then, care must be taken to make sure that the economic growth brought by the tourism industry must contribute to the natural environment processes and the sustainable use of natural resources. Academic References: Brunn and Kalland (1995:1) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge) Bull (1991:1) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge) Franklin (2003:33) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge) Hall, C.M. and Lew, A.A. 1998. The geography of sustainable tourism development: an introduction. Harlow: Longman. Harrison, D. (ed.) (2001) Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies. Wallingford: CABI. Ch. 1. Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge. Hunter, C. and Green, H. (1995) Tourism and the Environment: A sustainable relationship? Routledge, London. Shaw G., Williams A.M. (2002) 2nd ed. Critical issues in tourism: a geographical perspective: Oxford. Swarbrooke, J. (1999) Sustainable Tourism Management. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. Wheeller, B. (1994) Egotourism, sustainable tourism and the environment: a symbiotic, symbolic or shambolic relationship? in A.V. Seaton et al., eds. Tourism: The State of the Art, Wiley, Chichester.

The Role of Institutions in the Economic Development of Mexico Essay

The Role of Institutions in the Economic Development of Mexico Introduction The purpose of this paper is to focus upon the institutional development of the country of Mexico. The paper begins with an overview of the establishment of Mexico as a country and move into the various forms of government institutions that were put into place to govern the nation. The following section is a look at the nation’s attempt to establish a democratic form of government and how the state emerged as the center of authority. The final two sections of the paper examine the development of the private and the public sectors during the middle of the twentieth century and conclude with the repercussions of policies geared towards a state centered form of government. Early History of Development (1810-1916) Before examining the institutional development of Mexico as a country, it is important to understand first and foremost the transitions of government which have evolved over earlier political struggles. Beginning in 1810, the Mexican people engaged in the War of Independence against the Spanish Crown, which had dominated for nearly three decades. The colonial economy, which at that time could be characterized as mainly agrarian and mineral exporting, provided the majority of wealth to the Spanish Crown through the mining of precious metals such as silver and gold. The war persisted for a period of 11 years (1810-1821). In 1824 the Mexican National Government was recognized. Although Mexico had won independence, the next fifty years was a period of massive internal struggle. Fifty different governments were led by thirty different presidents of whom only three served full terms. There were also three short wars, two against Fra... ...pared to compete in the world markets. As of 1996, the Mexican economy has appeared to stabilize and growth for 1997 is estimated at 7.5 percent. With the help of the international community and future trade liberalization agreements, it is expected that Mexico will eventually reach sustained economic growth. Works Cited Haber, Stephen, ed. How Latin America Fell Behind: Essays on the Economic Histories of Brazil and Mexico. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1997. Hansen, Rodger, D. "Mexican Economic Development: The Roots of Growth." No. 2. Washington: National Planning Association, 1971. Long, Robert, E. ed., Mexico. New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1986. Lustig, Nora. Mexico: The Remaking of an Economy. 2nd edition. Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 1998. Vernon, Raymon. The Dilemma of Mexico’s Development. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1963. The Role of Institutions in the Economic Development of Mexico Essay The Role of Institutions in the Economic Development of Mexico Introduction The purpose of this paper is to focus upon the institutional development of the country of Mexico. The paper begins with an overview of the establishment of Mexico as a country and move into the various forms of government institutions that were put into place to govern the nation. The following section is a look at the nation’s attempt to establish a democratic form of government and how the state emerged as the center of authority. The final two sections of the paper examine the development of the private and the public sectors during the middle of the twentieth century and conclude with the repercussions of policies geared towards a state centered form of government. Early History of Development (1810-1916) Before examining the institutional development of Mexico as a country, it is important to understand first and foremost the transitions of government which have evolved over earlier political struggles. Beginning in 1810, the Mexican people engaged in the War of Independence against the Spanish Crown, which had dominated for nearly three decades. The colonial economy, which at that time could be characterized as mainly agrarian and mineral exporting, provided the majority of wealth to the Spanish Crown through the mining of precious metals such as silver and gold. The war persisted for a period of 11 years (1810-1821). In 1824 the Mexican National Government was recognized. Although Mexico had won independence, the next fifty years was a period of massive internal struggle. Fifty different governments were led by thirty different presidents of whom only three served full terms. There were also three short wars, two against Fra... ...pared to compete in the world markets. As of 1996, the Mexican economy has appeared to stabilize and growth for 1997 is estimated at 7.5 percent. With the help of the international community and future trade liberalization agreements, it is expected that Mexico will eventually reach sustained economic growth. Works Cited Haber, Stephen, ed. How Latin America Fell Behind: Essays on the Economic Histories of Brazil and Mexico. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1997. Hansen, Rodger, D. "Mexican Economic Development: The Roots of Growth." No. 2. Washington: National Planning Association, 1971. Long, Robert, E. ed., Mexico. New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1986. Lustig, Nora. Mexico: The Remaking of an Economy. 2nd edition. Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 1998. Vernon, Raymon. The Dilemma of Mexico’s Development. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1963.